“Hurricane Hits England” and “Search For My Tongue” Essay

Compare how a person’s culture is shown to be important in â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† and in one other poem. In both â€Å"Hurricane Hits England† and â€Å"Search For My Tongue†, the poems explore the theme of culture being important to person, both poems approach this theme in different ways. In â€Å"Hurricane Hits England†, the poet uses the method of flashbacks to explore the theme, whereas â€Å"Search For My Tongue† approaches this theme by putting us in the author’s shoes. In â€Å"Hurricane Hits England†, the subject matter is based around the serious hurricane that hit Southern England 1987. This is a very rare life force that is unusual in this country, more frequently occurring in the Caribbean. This storm in England reminds Nichols about her culture and this life force has been able to â€Å"break the frozen lake† within her. This shows us, the reader her culture is important to her, by creating a fusion of human life and natural life forces; â€Å"Talk to me Huracan†¦Talk to me Shango†. These â€Å"gods† that she is calling out to us the reader, makes us also think that she is trying to create a chant as if she sees the hurricane as both â€Å"Fearful and reassuring†. Although she is happy that the hurricane has come for it has been able to help her discover her culture again, she is also reminded about what damage this ‘life force’ can do to a country, physically and emotionally. The poet is using this event in England to help call her â€Å"back-home cousin†. This is another reminder to us the reader that she wants this occasion to be a flashback of what would have happened if she was in the Caribbean. However, she knows that this is not the same as the storms in the Caribbean, as the trees are â€Å"falling heavy as whales†. This simile is used to represent the different types of ecosystems around the world, how different trees have different properties. If you go to the Caribbean, the types of trees are mainly palm trees, with the properties of having flexible bark. However, in England the types of trees are Oak and Pine which are quite heavy and inflexible. This makes the trees unsuitable for this type of weather, making this experience still remind the poet about her culture, but seeing this weather as a new experience. In â€Å"Search For My Tongue†, the way the poets shows us how culture is important to her is done in different ways, by showing us how it is to be in another country and not be able to express your â€Å"mother tongue†. In this poem, she describes how she is scared of loosing her â€Å"mother tongue†, how it would â€Å"rot† and she will have to â€Å"spit it out†. This demonstrates how her language is a very important part of her culture and heritage and during the first stanza in the poem; the use of botanical imagery shows a mood of death and decay. She explains how she could not create a hybrid tongue, the use of both languages; â€Å"You could not use them both together†. This botanical imagery is then used to help the re-growth of her mother tongue while she is having a dream; â€Å"munay hutoo kay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The way how she portrays this stanza of the poem, not only gives the impression of her doing a chant but also had a lyrical feeling towards it. This is then an awakening for her mother tongue to â€Å"grow†, thus rediscovering language and culture is obviously important to the poet. The final stanza is probably the most enlightening and meaningful stanza in the entire poem, for it finally concludes how culture can be extremely important to people and make them the way they are; â€Å"the bud opens in my mouth†. The use of botanical imagery has now been used to firstly represent death and decay, to now being represent growth and re-birth. This use of assonance in the last stanza also helps to change the mood of the entire poem, giving it a more positive feel to the poem; â€Å"blossoms out of my mouth†. This line not only tells us that she is happy with the culture that she has re-discovered, but it also means that she has found the item that she had lost; her tongue. We know this from the title of the poem â€Å"Search For My Tongue†. In conclusion, both of these poems have been able to show how a past culture can be important to a person’s character and future growth. This could teach all of us a moral lesson, by telling us that culture is important to everybody’s feeling of self by making it mould our characters to what we are today. In both these poems, they might have used different methods to portray these themes, with the outcome giving off the same message.

Flat organization Group Essay

Organizational structures developed from the ancient times of hunters and collectors in tribal organizations through highly royal and clerical power structures to industrial structures and today’s post-industrial structures. The typical hierarchical arrangement for lines of authorities, communications, rights and duties of an organization. Organizational structure determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between the different levels of management. A structure depends on the organization’s objectives and strategy. In a centralized structure, the top layer of management has most of the decision making power and has tight control over departments and divisions. In a decentralized structure, the decision making power is distributed and the departments and divisions may have different degrees of independence. A company such as Proctor & Gamble that sells multiple products may organize their structure so that groups are divided according to each product and depending on geographical area as well. The Importance of Organization Structure A number of writers have pointed out the importance of an organization’s structure and the relationship between it and an organization’s size, strategy, technology, environment and culture. Mintzberg (1989) has written extensively and significantly on the importance of organizational structure. Miller (1989) has explored the importance of configurations of strategy and structure. Burns and Stalker (1961) concluded that if an organization is to achieve maximum performance then its structure must fit with or match the rate of change in its environments. Handy (1990, 1993) has discussed the importance of culture in relation to organizational design and structure and the need for new organizational forms. Pascale, Milleman and Gioja (2000, p.197) consider ‘design is the invisible hand that brings organizations to life and life to organizations.’ Further, organizational structure and design are closely entwined (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001) with many aspects of human resource management. Thus structure has a key role in the all important human dimension of an organization. Too often the importance of Organization structure is overlooked and Miller (1989) points to a gap in the literature whereby the content of corporate or business strategies has not been widely considered in relation to structure. One of the most important aspects of a manager’s role is the design of Organizational structures, yet this is often a neglected responsibility (Senge, 1994). McMaster (1996) argues that Organizational design is not well understood and traditional management education does not include the development of any understanding of the principles of corporate design. The impact of the floury of corporate restructures that took place in the 1980s and 1990s, discussed later in this paper, supports this view. I would suggest that this lack of genuine understanding is a serious shortcoming. Definition of Structure Mullins (1993) and Mabey, Salaman & Storey (2001) describe the structure of an Organization as the pattern of relationships between roles in an Organization and its different parts. They see the purpose of this structure as serving to allocate work and responsibilities in order to direct activities and achieve the Organization’s goals. Structure enables managers to plan, direct, organize and control the activities of the organization (Mullins, 1993, Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). Here is a traditional view of Organizational design that uses principles derived from classical and scientific Management. A non traditional approach is taken by Pascale, Milleman and Gioja (2000, p.197). They consider the role of architects and the principles they use to create buildings that provide ‘(1) structural integrity (sound buildings), (2) functionality (space appropriate for its intended use), and (3) aesthetic appeal.’ Using these principles an architect is able to work with the client in order to create a structure that is an integral and facilitating aspect of the life of the people who move in and around it. Thus architectural approaches can offer us a good model with which to consider Organization design principles. I would define an Organization’s structure as the architecture both visible and invisible which connects and weaves together all aspects of an Organization’s activities so that it functions as a complete dynamic entity. One simple approach is to consider how an Organization’s structure is described when represented diagrammatically, which most is often shown in the Organization chart. This provides useful insights into the underlying design principles. It will not show informal structures, but this is not the focus of this paper, except where they are an integral part of the design, as in for example, design Principles derived from complexity. The 20th Century –Traditional way Henri Fayol is credited by many as being the founder of modern management theory and practice. Writing at the beginning of the 20th century he advocated an Organization structure that was centralized, functionally specialized and hierarchical, in which everything had its specific place. Management was viewed as being all about planning, organizing, forecasting, co-coordinating and controlling. Others built on Fayol’s work, which Morgan (1986) claims provided the foundation of management theory in the first half of the last century, and which is still much in use up to the present day. Also in the early 20th century Frederick Taylor drawing on his understanding of traditional science and scientific method devised a theory of management – scientific management. He advocated the use of ‘scientific’ methods of measurement and analysis and broke all tasks down into small repetitive components. This was considered the most effective way of operating a production process and his methods achieved their apogee in the Ford motor car production line process. Thus the basic structure of many large Organizations in the 20th century was founded on linear, segmented, hierarchical design principles as typified by Figure 1. The larger the Organization the larger the structure and the more sub divisions. It was an approach to Organization design that reflected the classical scientific worldview as did the early management theorists Figure 1. Traditional Organization Chart / Structure During the mid 20th century there was a trend for Organizations to create huge corporate structures, often composed of many varied and different businesses, for example, the Hanson Trust, Trafalgar House, Unilever, and GKN in the UK and General Electric in the USA (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). In the public sector too, huge bureaucracies were created with the nationalization of the public utilities after World War II and the creation of the NHS in 1948. The management of these huge Organizations required a complex multilayered structure with many sub divisions. ‘Tall structures were created with as many as 20 plus levels between the chief Executive and the shopfloor operative. Managerial control of employees at all the Multiple levels was based on a mixture of direct command and budgetary Responsibility. Hierarchy, command and control were the governing principles of Employee management.’ But by the last decades of the 20th century, however, the trend for larger and larger structures was over. Almost every Organization experimented with some kind of structural change process (Ashkenas et al, 1995). Large conglomerates were broken up and large bureaucracies slimmed down as Organizations sought to become more effective and flexible (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). Companies merged and demerged, made acquisitions or sold them off and experimented with a range of approaches designed to make them more effective and responsive to a rapidly changing world. During this period Organizations were awash with notions of delayering, right / downsizing and business process re-engineering and for a time returns to shareholders were at record levels (Willis,2001). Downsizing was used by many companies as a way of adjusting their structures in order to be fitter and more effective. Large Organizations with many bureaucratic aspects like Kodak, IBM and General Motors restructured in this way (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). This and the often accompanying trend for outsourcing resulted in a wave of new problems particularly with employee insecurity and loss of expert knowledge. Coulson- Thomas and Coe (1991) report that in many of these slimmer Organizations there were issues of work overload, increased work stress, lack of vision, poor decision making, corporate in fighting and so on. Further, this approach proved to be an unsatisfactory one, not only because of the immediate social costs and the loss of experience and valuable skills, but because many Organizations failed to capitalize on the restructuring and implement new supportive systems (Mabey, Salaman & Storey, 2001). They changed the structure of the Organization but not in such a way as to improve its overall long term effectiveness. This apparent lack of insight concerning the importance of the relationship between structure and internal and external systems and human behaviours displays a restricted understanding of the principles of Organization design. Business process re-engineering was another approach which many adopted during this period as an effective way of improving efficiency and removing bureaucratic structures. But, Mumford and Hendricks (1996) point out, many companies became obsessed with cost cutting and associated staffing reductions and did not consider how best to reorganize and restructure. Also some chief executives used the process to rid themselves of cumbersome bureaucratic chains of command but failed to cede control Mabey, Salaman & Storey (2001, p.158) describe this period as one of ‘apparent chaos’ as Organizations also tried out approaches based on networking, outsourcing and notions of virtual forms of Organization. However, they provide an analytical framework which I shall use to describe the different types of structure that still redominate. It offers four main types of structure: bureaucracy, divisionalized structures, strategic business units and ‘de-structured’ forms. Organizational – 21st Century At the end of the 20th century some less traditional forms of organization structure beganto emerge as evidenced by the ‘de-structured’ forms described by Mabey, Salaman & Storey (2001). Handy (1990) observes that the old mechanistic systems are everywhere breaking down. Mabey, Salaman & Storey (2001) talk of the emergence of a new paradigm for organizational form which seeks to replace the rigidity and cumbersome nature of the traditional form. Ashkenas et al (1995) report on a change in design principles that amounts to a major shift.

An analysis of television chat shows Essay Example for Free

An analysis of television chat shows Essay Television chat shows are probably the favourite genre of the majority of daytime viewers, with the schedule full to bursting point with them, there are few channels that show fewer than two chat shows on a daily basis. There are few times when you can switch on your television and the screen not be filled with the smiling faces of a chat show host and his guests. There are a wide range of chat show styles but they all conform to the same basic conventions. The conventions are that the host is famous and often comes from a journalistic background and their show is named after them. The guests are famous people and come on to the shows to promote themselves etc. the set is basic with just a few chairs and sometimes a table and also there is an audience who are in the studio watching the show live. In the traditional style chat shows these conventions are followed as if they were law. In the newer forms of chat shows these rules aren’t followed as closely. Although they have a host, guest and audience there set is not basic and is full of props such as computers and fake plants to add effect. The purpose of this assignment is to analyse and explore a traditional chat show in the style of ‘Parkinson’ and a ‘new-age’ style chat show in the form of ‘Friday Nights All Wright’ Michael Parkinson is assuredly the finest example of a traditional British television chat show host. His show ‘Parkinson’ is well respected, highly respective and conservative and is produced by the B. B. C. his reputation exceeds him and this is echoed by the shows status. The way that Parkinson dresses also reflects the style and status of the show. As well as the dress code of the show, the title sequence is also very sophisticated. The title sequence is an integral part of the show because it is the first thing that is seen by the viewers, so it will have to display the style and reputation of the show as well as appeal to the more mature viewers which is the shows intended audience. The title sequence for ‘Parkinson’ consists of numerous still shots of previous guests such as Billy connel1y and Heather Mills-McCartney smiling and looking relaxed and comfortable. Some of the shots are posed but the majority look as if they were taken during the show, this gives the audience the idea the guests are normal people and that the show is in a very relaxing environment. As the title sequence comes to an end we are presented with a montage of celebrities faces which them form a real still shot of Parkinson’s face and this then goes in to a dissolve and into the show. The music used to accompany the opening title sequence is classy, cheerful and has a big band feeling, which I think would appeal to the viewers of the show because generally the people who watch the B. B. C are from the older generation and are therefore more conservative than the viewers of I. T. V. Parkinson’s entrance is stylish and grand. He enters at the top of a staircase to the theme music from the show and walks slowly to his seat; this grand entrance is a convention of a typical television chat show. It is at this point that it becomes clear who is in charge of the show. Compared with this grand entrance the entrances of Parkinson’s guests are mediocre. Elton john entrance is from the side of the stage probably because he had just been performing his latest song. When Parkinson introduces Elton john he is full of compliments and the language he uses is full of flattery. He refers to Elton john as ‘a superstar of Rock and Roll’ and ‘lately ennobled’. This may be used to make Elton feel relaxed and confident. He uses these phrases so that the audience will have to guess who the guest is and this will help to create suspense amongst the audience because he does not mention his guests name until the end of his monologue. After Elton takes his seat his body language is quite defensive with his hands clenched together and he doesn’t look straight at his interviewer. Parkinson’s body language shows that he is confident and open and I also think it shows he is experienced. He sits with a straight back and his hands are open palms up on his lap. Parkinson’s opening question to Elton is ‘what’s up’ I think this simple question is used to direct the interviewee to the reason for his appearance on the show. It also shows that although Parkinson uses formal language his language can also include some Yorkshire dialect. Elton John answers politely and hints at why he is on the show. The body language of Parkinson is open and appealing, this is so that the guest will feel relaxed in his company and will answer his questions more openly. Elton’s body language shows that e is defensive and doesn’t want to reveal too much to his host. The style of questioning used by Parkinson is set so that it would help Elton to open up and become more confident in the answers he gives. Although the questions were probably agreed before the show they will still tell the audience what they want to know about the guest. Elton Johns appearance on the show in terms of his reasons for being on the programme fulfil the conventions of a chat show because he is on the show to promote something that he is doing at the moment in his career and one of the conventions of a chat show is that the guest in famous and appears on the show to promote there career. The set for the show is simple yet sophisticated. It has a pale blue background which is used to relax the interviewee and it gives the studio a modern look. Also there is a hint of pink which would make the studio warm and homely. The guest and host sit close together separated only by a small table. The guests who had appeared earlier on in the show sit further away from the host but they are still quite close. There are probably four cameras used to film this show. One camera will cover both host and guest, this would be used when the host is asking a question. Two cameras would cover the host and his guest individually, these cameras would be used to show the person who is speaking. The final camera is used to cover all four people that are on the stage. Most of the cameras are fixed and would just cut from shot to shot throughout the show. When the guest is speaking they would use a big close-up to show their facial expressions and emotions. The audience only participate in the show when a guest or the host enters onto the stage or when a guest finishes a performance. Ian Wright is a light weight chat show host when compared with Parkinson. His show ‘Friday nights all Wright’ is not as well known as ‘Parkinson’ and it is targeted towards the younger generation viewers. It is not a very conservative show which is a characteristic of the house style of I. T. V 1 which is not a conservative channel. His reputation as a chat show host is limited but his reputation as a footballer is legendary. Ian Wright’s dress code reflects the style of the show. He is wearing a black short sleeved t-shirt and imitation leather pants. The style of the show is also tacky compared to the sophisticated ‘Parkinson’. In the clip Ian Wright comes onto the show to loud music, this music is similar to the type of music played in night clubs and it gives the impression that this show is modern. Prince Naseem enters onto the stage accompanied by the same loud music played when he enters the boxing ring. He goes straight to Ian Wright and ‘high-fives’ him and then he goes into the audience and interacts with them. He walks through the audience and plays up to them and shakes hands with them. When he returns to the stage he once again high fives Wright. When he takes his seat naseem sits with his arms open wide, this show that he is confident and cocky. The opening question asked by Ian Wright is ‘so why did it take you so long to get in the ring? ‘ he uses this question as a joke to make naseem feel at home. He also adds ‘talk to me’ in a Jamaican accent to make the audience laugh. The language used throughout the show is slang and it is not very sophisticated and this echoes the style of the show. The set is cheap and simple with a fake brick wall background to give a feel of the inside of a house and there is a mural of the country side on another wall which I think is supposed to give a calming and relaxing effect. The host sits on a simple purple leather chair with a table with a C. C. T. V screen on top of it. Then there is another simple purple sofa for the guest to sit on. There are two steps down from the stage and in this area the audience sit in groups on simple chairs around small tables as if they were in a pub or night club. In the corner of the studio there is a cage containing football fans. I think that there are probably three cameras, the first is at the back of the studio and is used to show the guest, host and audience together and the second and third cameras are used so that both the host and guest have individual shots when they are speaking. The audience participate more in this show than in ‘Parkinson’ because they shake hands with the guest when he enters and also they laugh a lot more than in Parkinson and the laughing is not forced as it often is in Parkinson. The most effect of these two chat shows is probably ‘Parkinson’ because it will appeal to a wider audience than ‘Friday nights all Wright’ and also the guest will be more sophisticated and well known than those on Ian Wrights show. Out of the two chat shows I think I prefer ‘Parkinson’ because there is a wider range of guests and the guests are often in the news at the time so I like to hear there views on current affairs. An analysis of television chat shows. (2017, Jul 05).

Pagan Influence in the Culture of Ukraine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Pagan Influence in the Culture of Ukraine - Essay Example   Although this construct may come as something of a shock to many, the different methods whereby Ukraine and the influences that have acted upon as compared to the United States ultimately make for a very distinct culture (Schulman 1998). The first determinant of this is the level to which paganism plays into the fabric of society. True, the nation itself has been â€Å"Christian† since the time of Prince Vladimir the Great (circa 988 AD), the long history of the people and the subsequent invasions from the East, including Mongols, Tatars, Khazars, and a litany of other peoples from the steppes of Central Asia meant that a great deal of diverse pagan beliefs were interjected into the culture of the nation as a function of the various tribes and kingdoms that spent time ruling over Ukraine (Holmes 2007). This level of paganism is exhibited in a litany of different ways within the culture; one of these being the celebration of the holiday â€Å"Ivana Kupala† which celebrates the life force of the rivers, lakes, and streams and continues to be celebrated throughout Ukraine and many other Eastern European countries (Culture and Arts 2009). Similar winter solstice activities have also engrained themselves into the culture as dances around the base of fir trees, harvest celebrations, days for the dead, and a litany of other pagan holidays and references pervade the culture in ways that would not necessarily be the case in the United States. There are of course a number of superstitions that continue to pervade the culture as well. An example of this includes the belief that whistling indoors means that the individual will soon have no money.  Ã‚  

There are no children here Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

There are no children here - Essay Example Of the two boys, Lafayette assumes the responsibility of his family’s protection and care of his mother. The project is under the control of gangs that are a source of constant threat to the family. The gangs are drug sellers and from time to time, keep involving the residents of the project in their heinous crime. The gangs also possess weapons and have made a lot of children in the neighborhood sell the drugs. Because of the gangs, children living in the project are insecure. Even if they manage to escape the hold of gangs, their future otherwise is also quite vague. The story is an excellent picture of the hidden truths of the lower class families in America. The reader is told how children in America as young and immature as thirteen years of age get involved in the business of drug dealing and violence. The story offers several points to inculcate robust understanding of the life of urban youth in America in the reader’s mind. The story covers many aspects of the s ocial attitude and activities of juveniles and explains the underlying reasons of their involvement in the domestic violence. The author has nicely conveyed the way urban youth in America is deprived of the innocence of childhood before the right age. The sort of life that prevails in the project makes the children rough and violent as the time passes. With the passage of time, their personal security becomes more important for them than to see whether the acts they involve themselves in are ethically justified or not. The story also tells that these deprived children can not be underestimated despite all of their sorrows and failures. This is evident from the fact that Pharaoh shows considerable growth and excellence in his studies, when he is provided with a chance. The author has also pointed towards a harsh reality pertaining to the injustice in America. People in authority that are allotted funds for the improvement of the conditions of the housing project use the funds for per sonal gains, and do not do their job. Much of the mess in the project can be attributed to the insincerity and carelessness of the personnel representative of the Chicago Housing Authority. Children of the project suffer because of lack of parental care and nonexistence of role models in their life. To conclude, the story sufficiently explains the effects of greed of the people in authority over the society. Alex Kotlowitz has revealed a unique side of American culture that is conventionally portrayed as very advanced culture with a well cultivated system of justice. This is true that children do require parental care at least for the period when they have not reached adulthood. Lack of parental care exposes a child to innumerable social threats. Also, children who are not able to enjoy their childhood completely mature before the right age. Hence, they become susceptible to falling prey to various odds of the society. In order to grow children into responsible citizens as adults, i t is imperative that they are offered adequate nurturing and grooming when they are in their learning and growing stage. Without the care and supervision of the adults, and with all the insecurity in the neighborhood of gangsters, future of innocent children can not be deemed secure, and they may end up becoming criminals. The author has made use of reliable sources to make his argument that adds to the validity of information, and

Social Phobia Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Phobia - Article Example What makes social phobia different from other kinds of anxiety disorder is that individuals affected by the disorder are always concerned with the feelings of other people towards their attitude. This makes them to be cautious with their selves and in the process affects their attitude and behavior as they always want to impress audiences around them. The disorder can be diagnosed at early childhood, but for researchers who have studied it, they say the disorder always affects individuals who are in their youth. The causative agents of the disorder are always assumed to be over protective parents of limited social opportunities. Individuals who are suffering from the disorder can get a remedy for their situation by making a visit to a psychologist, however learning to socialize more and confronting fears are also steps to help in putting the disorder under control. The disorder can be passed on from one generation to the next by being inherited from parents or relatives. This makes it difficult to be diagnosed as there are no known signs and symptoms that have been established. In addition, the disorder can be caused due to environmental factors which are responsible for shaping the attitudes and behaviors of individuals within a society. Nordqvist, C, Nordqvist. "What Is Social Anxiety Disorder? What Causes Social Anxiety Disorder? ." Medical News Today. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2014.

What were the main changes brought about by the Constitutional Reform Essay

What were the main changes brought about by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and why were these considered necessary - Essay Example A good example is the 2010 case law on HJ and HT vs. the secretary of state in charge of home department2. Under this case, the Supreme Court was required to rule on the status of the asylum application of two gay people, that is HJ, and HT3. This was a human rights issue, where the court granted asylum to these people, on the grounds that they would persecuted, if deported back to their country. By closely looking at this ruling, it is important to denote that the courts were taking on new roles determining the human rights issues that the state had to adhere to. This therefore means that the courts are playing an important role in determining the kind of policies that the country should adopt, and the policies that it should not adopt4. This is an example of a judicial review. Furthermore, it is important to explain that the Supreme Court was enacted after the passage of the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005. This court was created under part three of the constitutional reform act. The constitutional reform act played a great role in reforming the judiciary, and specifically the three roles of the Lord Chancellor. These roles include his position as the speaker of the House of Lords, the head of the British Judiciary, and as a member of the cabinet5. These implied that the Lord Chancellor was a very powerful person, and there was no separation of powers, between the judiciary, the legislature, and the government. This situation made the Lord Chancellor to be vulnerable to an abuse of the executive authority of the government. Another point of concern was the capability of the Lord Chancellor, in appointing judges of the high court and that of appeal. This is because of the roles that the senior judges played in scrutinizing the various policies of the government, hence appointment by a government minister, would compromise their ability to efficiently undertake

Why did Hurricane Katrina effect women more then men Research Paper

Why did Hurricane Katrina effect women more then men - Research Paper Example She thought that it would only be best if she give away her baby in order for it to have improved chances of survival. It is still not known whether the mother and her child reunited or are still separated. From these stories, one thing beyond doubt is that the people who suffered mostly from the disaster are women and their children (Tarshis, 2011). Women in New Orleans formed 54% of the population. Women made up about 80% of the individuals left behind to take care of themselves after the storm. More than one in five women residing in New Orleans, and 15% of every family in New Orleans live below the poverty level compared to 14.5% countrywide. Single, mother-headed households form 56% of all families in New Orleans (Butterbaugh, 2005). Half of these families live below the poverty level. These classes of women were living on these limits even before the calamity struck. After the disaster, matters got much worse than they were before the disaster. In conclusion, women were the worst hit group by the hurricane. It would have been only fair to consider them more in the relief programs since they deserve to be

Gear Smartwatch - Features, challenges, and Vulnerability Research Paper

Gear Smartwatch - Features, challenges, and Vulnerability - Research Paper Example It uses technique of sophisticated processing in order to find solutions of various sophisticated tasks just by using this small watch. Additionally, the feature of voice memos were also build in Gear smart watch, through a built-in speaker, that enables the owner to even answer the calls just by using their wrist and operate the gadget via voice commands. Additionally, it was a full-color work with the platform of Android sized in the fashion of an old calculator watch. Correspondingly, it runs the application, which was developed by Samsung as well as the third-party partners. During the year 2014 company replaced the Gear operating system with Tizen (Brewis, 2014). Gear was not able to withstand the expectation of the user and the security side of Gear with high confidentiality in term of exchanging the data Smartphone due to the issue of vulnerability. The most obvious reason of vulnerability issue in the gadget was due to its feature of typical ‘companion gadget’, which is worthless without the Smartphone as it has to be connected via Bluetooth. The people who turned up for the Gear will be likely to experience the features of Smartphone messaging, Personal Information Manager (PIM) and other apps just in the wrist. Correspondingly, in the current scenario the smart watch only works with the help of Samsungs Note Smartphone, the Note 3. With the help of Gear smart watch wireless communication can only be possible through using the Bluetooth connectivity feature, which led to risk of unauthorized uses. Moreover, the major issue with this device is related to its security and misuse of the various applications. With the growing ad vancement in the technology hacker are able to track the pitfall of the device very easily through finding the various vulnerabilities and utilize them in order to extract the information of the users, along with they can also utilize the

The effects of high player turnover on marketing of minor league Thesis Proposal

The effects of high player turnover on marketing of minor league baseball and the perceptions of the fan experience - Thesis Proposal Example Meanwhile, observers normally reveal the baseball players’ inherent or innate ability over time (Rosner & Kenneth 199). Learning and revelation of intrinsic ability are commonplace in almost all sporting activities and occupations. The relationship between player turnover and marketing of minor league baseball underscore the importance of outstanding performance. Many baseball teams lose a significant amount of talent and revenue when high caliber players leave the baseball league. Such teams would, therefore, need a meticulous spring camp to prepare adequately for the next season. As a result, the marketing of minor league baseball is notably compromised, as well as the perceptions of the fan experience (Armour & Daniel 342). High player turnover not only affects the team’s performance during subsequent seasons but also impact its marketing approach, as well as that of the league in entirety. A positive effect on the baseball league will arguably improve its marketing approach and competitiveness. If the high player turnover negatively impacts the minor league baseball, the league consequently suffers a massive decline in its marketing goals and perceptions of the fan experience. Meanwhile, the minor league baseball could also attain considerable benefits from a high player turnover. For instance, many baseball teams in the league could still maintain their winning percentages despite high turnover differential (Fried et al. 49). Player experience also increases the batting average of minor league baseball players. The experience and reputation of incoming players would particularly influence baseball fans to rethink their arguably waning support for the league in the wake of high player turnover during a given season. Similarly, the quality and competence of players leaving the minor baseball league will positively or negatively affect their perceptions of the league (Fried et al. 49). Most

Where you may get it wrong when writing English Essay Example for Free

Where you may get it wrong when writing English Essay Reporting and Paraphrasing Introduction Paraphrasing is the use of different words to express meaning or clarify either written or spoken statement. Paraphrasing is a commonly used feature when writing. It is when one puts another person’s ideas in his or her own words (someone elses ideas in your own words) and not just rewriting a paragraph. Some of the important words in paraphrasing include: passive this is written from an active sentence. I.e. John drives a car, this active the passive form of this is a car is driven by John. Existential clause in a sentence refers to the existence of something (there exists or there is) (Barkho, 2011). For example, ‘there are girls in the class’ this is an existential clause. Extra-position is the act of putting the keywords at the end of a sentence (Barkho, 2011). For example, ‘how frustrated with their kids are they?’ This can be rewritten as ‘how frustrated are they with their kids?’ cleft sentence is one that contains a main clause as well as a dependent clause. I.e. who did Stan see at the party? It was Nick that Stan saw at the party. It was Stan who saw Nick at the party. The three sentences can be written as ‘Alice told me that Stan saw someone at the party that he knew from his high school days. It turns out it was Nick that Stan saw at the party. Fronting or preposing. Is a sentence construction in which a word group that customarily follows the verb is placed at the beginning of a sentence? (Barkho, 2011) For examp le, the garage was on the right of the house, ‘On the right of the house was the garage.’ Reported speech is the opposite of the direct speech for example I like ice cream (Direct speech). She says she likes ice cream (Reported speech) (Barkho, 2011). Question 2 article                   Mick and his brother Trig are hanging on a rail outside their home enjoying the scene of the neighbourhood. Dressed in their trainers, the caretaker to their estate sees them ordering them down from the rail. 19 year old Mick who himself is a member of the east London gang shouts back at the caretaker and threatens to beat him up. These kinds of confrontation between Mick add the caretaker is the order of the day in the inner-city London, symbolizing broken Britain. Having been raised from a broken family (fronting), his life had gone a mess. He indulged in sex at the age of 14 and at age 15 he was doing drugs. Despite his good performance in GCSE which could have enabled him secure a place in Sixth Form College, he only looked forward to one place that he dreamed of joining was Feltham jail (Reported speech). This urge came from the time he watched a documentary on TV which portrayed young inmates. Mick’s wish was achieved (passive) when he was sentenced (passive) for 14 months after being charged (passive) with robberies in east London. According to Mick, the Feltham turned to be the best place he has ever been. Three meals in a day, TV, private bedroom (existential) and other luxuries are part of what you enjoy in the jail. The impression to the young people outside is that, they want to be jailed as they think it is an honour, and it is even better than school. The mentality in the jail among the youth is that one does not have to hustle for a living as everything is provided. For the rest of boys in the streets and outside there, going to Feltham is a key part in their lives. Moreover, they find it a substitute to their homes and the chaotic life associated to the homes. The main question arising from this perception is ‘if the prisons are no longer deterrent, then what could be to the young ones in the society. Lewis refers to Mick as a head case Mick. This is after saving him from the young gang that hand threatened to him. Lewis got Mick into a plumbing course hoping to turn him round but to no avail. Despite the situation Mick talks of other gangs made of youth such as the Black hawk boys and Asian gang. However, his group is the most feared d in east London. Despite the police being aware of his group, they are not successful in hunting them down as there is no particular group leader. Mick’s day is entailed with taking care of the drug business. He gets the staff from the supplier, and takes to his customers, later in the day he enjoys the evening with his girlfriend. Despite dong the drugs, Mick claims it is easy to sell wind, but it does not make good money as cocaine and heroin do. Despite the rotten life in drugs, Mick has a dream of a good big house and cars and hopes to one day get a job, but he is not sure of the best time to legit. A two year feud with another boy leaves Mick with a gashed lip. Despite respect for Lewis, Mick plans to make it even with the boy by revenging. He likens the life to a video game you either die early or you play to the end. The incident makes Mick always walk around armed with a weapon (9mm Glock pistol). The jail is not solving the purpose intended, and Lewis looks for an alternative to save the at-risk boys in London. He looks forward to coming up with 1000 ‘Capital Men’ to save the boys. However, the menace has greatly the black families which the politicians have all feared to address. After a period of 5years in drugs and city crimes, Mick is tired of it now. However, trig who has all time watched his mentor Mick, says, â€Å"I dint fear Feltham if Mick made it, I can also handle it†. At the end, Mick says Young people are like blind people crossing the highway. They cannot be able to tell what coming down road and instead he to me for guidance. Feltham was a good experience but as one gets older, you comprehend there are better places to go on holiday. I can tell Trig that, but I highly doubt he would even listen to me. (Direct speech). References Barkho, L. (2011).  Where you may get it wrong when writing English: A practical guide for students, teachers academics and professionals. Norderstedt: Books on Demand. Smaby, R. M. (1971).  Paraphrase grammars. Dordrecht: Reidel. Source document

Starbucks for or Against the War in Iraq Essay Example for Free

Starbucks for or Against the War in Iraq Essay Although it is unclear as to whether or not Starbucks ever actually refused to donate coffee to US troops fighting overseas or not, if they did it was not because â€Å"they don’t support the war or anyone in it† as the original message sent out by Sgt. Howard C. Wright claims. The Starbucks company policy regarding donations has strict guidelines regarding beneficiaries that must fall under their definition of a â€Å"public charity,† which the Military does not. Also, according to the Starbucks website, the company has not at any time taken a stand for or against the Iraq War; although they have stated that they support the men and women fighting for their country in the United States Military and the British Royal Marines. United States Marine Sgt. Howard C. Wright, who wrote the original email sent out in May of 2004, sent out another email approximately 5 months later recanting his previous statement and apologizing. The original email was sent out by Sgt. Howard C. Wright of the United States Marines after hearing by word of mouth that Starbucks did not support the war or the people fighting it. Sgt. Wright, it seems, sent the email out after hearing the story from a friend, who heard it from a friend, and then speaking to the Marine who had supposedly contacted Starbucks before first doing any research into the matter. Sgt. Wright has since received many copies of Starbucks’ policy regarding the issue to help and resolve any misconceptions there may have been. In typical rumor fashion, neither party is able to supply a copy of the original request sent by Sgt. Wright’s fellow Marine, nor a copy of the response to the request sent out by Starbucks. Since there is no written proof that this truly ever happened many have dismissed the allegation as being false and moved on. Although Starbucks made sure to post an article on the company website in January of 2005, and then update it in May of 2012, denying the allegations and confirming the fact that employees are able, and do in fact, send their weekly free coffee to the troops, bad press always travels faster and farther than good press. This leads into the fact that there are going to be people that will continue to boycott Starbucks based on the original rumor simply because they will not believe the subsequent email sent out by Sgt. Wright recanting his original statement. Even though Starbucks has a strict policy on the donation of goods only to â€Å"public charities† I believe it would be in their best interest to donate coffee to the United States Military and do it on a large enough scale to get media attention. This may put quite a dent into their earnings for the year but in turn would create a plethora of new customers because people support businesses that support our troops. January 11, 2005 and May 2012. Starbucks Support of the Troops/Military [Updated May 2012]. Retrieved February 25th, 2013. URL: http://news.starbucks.com/about+starbucks/myths+facts/militarydonations.htm August 8, 2004 and February 10, 2013. G. I. Joe. Retrieved February 25, 2013. URL: http://www.snopes.com/politics/military/starbucks.asp

The Packaged Milk Industry Marketing Essay

The Packaged Milk Industry Marketing Essay Introduction According to Dairy Index 2012, Pakistan is the third largest milk producing and consuming country in the world with 64 percent of the countrys population classified as Deeper in the Pyramid (DIP), which represents 60 percent of LDP consumption. The livestock sector alone contributes 11% of the countrys GDP,  with an estimated 42 billion litres of milk produced per annum. The total revenue from these dairy products is estimated as US$ 26 billion per annum. As per the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009, Pakistan has a herd size of around 63 million animals, which is the 3rd largest in the world. About 35 million people are involved in dairy farming, deriving more than 40% of their total income from livestock. For these farmers, dairy animals provide milk for domestic consumption as well as meagre income through the sale of milk. In rural Pakistani culture livestock is a storer of wealth. It is viewed as important social capital and offers insurance to the owner in times of financial distress. Pakistan lacks the essential infrastructure that is needed for safe storage and transportation of farm produce. According to the Livestock and Dairy Development Board, 20 percent of the current milk production is lost due to poor infrastructure. Poor research facilities, technological backwardness and lack of processing facilities have resulted in generating fewer jobs and adding virtually no value to its agriculture produce. Of all the milk produced in the country, only 3 percent is processed. Rest of it is consumed as fresh milk which is not treated and is mostly supplied by gawalas. These Gawalas account for around 80-85% of total milk supply in the country. Due to this informal sector most of the milk in Pakistan is of low quality and is untreated. The handling of milk is miserable and no precautions are taken. People involved in this process are mostly uneducated and have low preference to health issues. They do not understand the importance of treatment procedures. Due to this lack of education, the productivity of milk is also low. The methods used for milking are old and no machinery is used. Everything is done purely by hand. In addition the live stock are not properly fed and taken care off. People do not understand the ways through which productivity can be enhanced. The lack of equipment also causes 20% of the milk to be lost during carriage which also lowers the yield and revenue produced by selling the milk. The packaged milk industry comes into picture here. This industry is the opposite of the unprocessed milk dairy industry which is the major chunk. The packaged milk companies have tried to introduce new techniques, use of machinery for milking and setting of health standards. These companies have state of the art plants installed and try to provide the best quality milk. The companies mostly buy milk from these local milk men but a few also have their own farms. The local unprocessed milk is bought by these companies and processed and treated at the standards which meet international quality. So with the increase of such companies and awareness among consumers, the packaged milk industry has started to take effect and gain share of the total dairy industry. Industry background The packaged milk category was originated in 1981 by company named Milk Pak, which  pioneered tetra pack milk in Pakistan. The supply chain involved collecting milk from rural areas across Punjab, processing the milk through UHT (Ultra-High Temperature Processing) treatment, and selling it to consumers in uniquely coloured triangular and rectangular packs designed to prolong the milks quality. Milk Paks Milk Packs were very well-received and the brand soon became synonymous with quality milk. Its first real competition came in the form of Haleeb, which introduced distinctively blue tetra  packs to the market in 1986. Milk Pak later merged with Nestle and continued its growth and leading the new high potential industry. By 2006, the dairy milk category was growing at 20 percent annually, and Milk Pak and Haleeb were well-entrenched brands with distinctive colours and brand  promises of providing high quality, natural and healthy milk. Milk Pak was identified by its green and white packaging-the colours of the country-and offered a brand backed with the strong equity of Nestle, coupled with its own traditional heritage. Haleeb was recognized as the blue brand, and professed to have the naturally thickest milk which was also claimed to give tea the best taste. At that time, market was dominated by these two strong and widely respected brands. The industry looked completely impenetrable for the new comers. But still milk industry in Pakistan had great prospects for growth. However Olpers, new milk brand backed by a powerful company engro, emerged to the scene and with its heavy promotional activities it soon started making its presence felt. The company gained share in the market quite rapidly and in couple of years time accounted for 13% of the market share. Other big companies saw this as the sign of potential profitable market and starting entering the packaged milk business. Good Milk was another brand backed by Shakargunj also launched onto the scene and started making impact. Local companies like Nirala sweets also took the opportunity and launched their milk products. In this growing market some old products such as Nurpur started reviving their brand and started making tetra pack milk. Numerous small brands like Halla, Gourmet and P rime launched their plastic packaged milk too which was cheaper than tetra pack. The industry took real boost in years 2008 and onwards. Countless brands started emerging, many on small scale. People started importing cows from Australia and other countries and marketed their milk. Educated people also stepped into this business. They brought in new techniques, live stocks and feeds to enhance the productivity and sell quality healthy milk. Various brands like Fresh milk, Farm fresh, Anhaar, White gold followed this trend. The industry particularly looks profitable as Pakistan is one of the largest milk producing and consuming country in the world. Milk is one of the main components of Pakistani people diets. Increase in urbanization during these years also helped the industry to boom. People came from rural areas started adopting to new trends. Mass media created an impact as companies used vigorous advertising to influence consumer choices and make them believe that the packaged milk is better, safe and healthy. The fresh milk suppliers also helped the industry as the fresh milk they supplied was constantly lacking quality, rumours of mixing of water into milk, unhygienic treatment of milk and medications given to animals to enhance milk produce led people to give-up fresh milk consumption and avert to packaged milk. Research objectives Identify how many new packaged milk companies have become functional in last five years. What is the growth of milk production in last five years What are the reasons behind the growth What is the projected growth for coming years Why is demand for packaged milk increasing What are potential new markets for packaged milk How many consumers are willing to substitute fresh milk with packaged milk Is the non packaged milk industry slowly transforming into packaged milk industry? What impact does increasing population has on milk demand Is large youth population a driver for growth in packaged milk? Research Question Analysing the growth of packaged milk sector in Pakistan over the last five years. Research Methodology This section will explain what type of research would be conducted and by which means. It covers the details of the research design, methodology for collecting the data, population, questionnaire development and data analysis. Data Type The type of data can be either primary or secondary. In this particular paper both primary and secondary data would be used. The primary data set will be gathered via questionnaire whereas the source of secondary data are published articles from Jstor journal and other credible sources. Further the data can be qualitative and quantitative in nature. Qualitative data refers to data that may categorize items in terms of certain characteristics and / or quality. This type of data can be observed and recorded however, it cannot be measured. Quantitative data refers to data that is numerical and can be measured using various statistical techniques .The majority of the data regarding this paper is quantitative in nature. This is due to the fact that quantitative data is easier to measure and analyze and reduces biasness that can occur in qualitative data. Information with regards to the demographics of the research subjects would be termed as qualitative data; this includes information abo ut the respondents gender, age, etc. Sampling Procedure Convenience, non-probability sampling will be used, based on the ease of access for the researcher. Sampling Frame For the purpose of this research, the list of elements upon which the sample is selected from the population include the fact that they should be easily accessible to the researcher (as convenience sampling is used). The other element of is that atleast 50% of the sample should fall into the SEC B income bracket. This is because research shows this class to be the most frequent users of these products. Time Frame The time frame for this research project is 5 months, starting from August and ending in December. Research Proposal Submission (August 2012) Revisions to Proposal (1st September 2012) Literature Review (8th September 2012) Hypothesis Generation (8th September 2012) Theoretical Framework (8th September 2012) Methodology (8th September 2012) Data Collection (22nd September 2012) Data Compilation (6th October 2012) Data Analysis (13th October 2012) Results and Findings (20th October 2012) Final Submission (3rd November 30th 2012) Literature Review Hussain M et al, researches in his article factors affecting the milk production in buffaloes, a case study the factors that impact the production and yield of milk production in buffaloes. For this research the author has taken dry fodder, green fodder, number of lactations and labour hours as his variables of research. The research tried to establish the link between these variables and the subsequent effect they have of the yield of milk produced. Generally the Pakistani milk industry is not known for high yielding cattle. The yield among the leading milk producing countries is very low. This is majorly due to old techniques, lack of education and improper feed. To study and find the variables that can improve this yield this research proves to be significant. A random sample of farms in jhang was used to monitor the effect of these variables. The research lasted over a couple of months and 60 buffaloes were observed. According to the results of the study increasing green fodder c onsumption in cattles by 1% increases the milk yield by 2.64%. similarly if number of lactations were decreased and made systematic the yield would increase. Currently every lactation is decreasing production by 0.76%. Increase in number of labour hours also significantly increased the yield. So from this research we can see that to improve yield the buffaloes should be fed the green fodder more that is they need to graze the natural land more and number of lactations and labours hours should be made more systematic and routine. However the dry fodder did not have any effect on this yield. M. A. Ali et al in his article prevalence of sub clinical mastitis in dairy buffaloes of Punjab, Pakistan published in journal of animal and plant sciences, identifies mastitis to be one of the major diseases prevailing in buffaloes in Punjab. This disease is not only decreasing the yield and affecting the health of animal but also produces unhealthy or contaminated milk. Mastitis is also the disease that economically hurts the dairy sector. As the dairy sector contributes almost 11% to the GDP of Pakistan, the disease proves to be a setback for the economy as well. Thus researching and finding the prevalence and cure for it is important. The study was conducted in four districts of Punjab including Lahore, Sialkot, Narowal and Okara. Cattles from individual holding, organized and unorganized farms were sampled. The sample was tested with white side test to measure the extent of the problem. According to the results the most problem of mastitis occurred in individual holding (58%) fo llowed by the unorganized farms (42%). This is a major indicator that the practices in most of these farms are unhealthy for animals. About 80-85% farms of Pakistan are under these unorganized farm categories which mean that most of the buffaloes face this problem and hence yield low levels of milk. Mastitis causes production losses in the form of condemned milk, loss in milk yield, earlier culling of animals and replacements (Khan and Khan, 2006). Clinical mastitis can cause 10% or more of milk loss. Moreover in most of the cases of mastitis the milk produced is contaminated. Therefore this problem of mastitis is a key hurdle in high yielding buffaloes which not only hurts economically but also provides low quality milk. this also is a major reason behind lack of quality in our loose milk industry. The packaged milk industry has better quality as the rate of mastitis is low in organized farms and yields better quality milk. this kind of better quality milk also is healthier. These stats at large talk about the standards of our milk industry and highlight the difference between the packaged and loose milk industry. Recently few programs have been carried out in prevention of this disease and are making inroads. The author of the article talks about the increasing trend of consumption of branded or packaged dairy products in urban areas. According to the author the transition of dairy industry from unprocessed loose products to formally treated hygienic packaged products has took a long time. The packaged milk industry initiated in 1981 but till the early 2000s the growth was very slow. People did not adapt to the idea and kept on consuming fresh products. Milk from Gawalas and yogurt from local milk shops were widely preferred. In the last decade the consumers became more aware of the benefits of the packaged milk. People also started knowing about the improper treatment of dairy products by the local milkmen. Germs, mixing of water, poor handling techniques and medications to enhance milk yield from cows contributed to consumers dismay. People suddenly started looking at packaged milk as more healthy, nutritious and safe. According to the figure given in the paper, the packaged milk indust ry is growing at 20% annually. The article researches the reasons behind success of packaged milk in recent times. The industry has boomed in last five years. Many new companies have come and impacted the industry. The fresh milk is being substituted for the packaged milk. According to the author the impact can be seen by studying the marketing strategies of fresh milk producers vs. Packaged milk producers. The author sees advertising as a key factor that has contributed to this boom in packaged milk industry. The marketing strategies and advertising has changed consumers perception. Consumers are made aware of the advantages of packaged milk. The hygienic values, purity and freshness have been promoted massively. The marketing has also shown the dark side of fresh milk. The improper handling, unhygienic and old methods and contamination in the milk have led to change in people preference. Moreover the companies have targeted changing people lifestyles. The convenience of packaged milk, hassle free handling and easy storage has also caused positive attitude towards packaged milk. The packaged milk makers have also successfully promoted milk as essential product for as well as main ingredient for various items. Like the best tea, best desserts and best drinks are made from packaged milk. On the other hand the fresh milk industry being largely unaccounted and informal has failed in this aspect. They are lacking innovation as well as modern techniques. The uneducated milkmen have failed o understand the significance of marketing. They are still surviving on massive demand, price and staunch users who do not want packaged milk. The ever increasing concerns of contamination, germs, bacteria and improper handling of dairy products specially milk has led many consumers to opt for packaged milk consumption. The perception and understanding of packaged milk being more safe and healthy is fast catching the minds of consumers. People are more informed about the hazards of consuming unhygienic loose milk. This change is the a key indicator of huge potential and enormous untapped market that has great potential for growth in packaged milk industry. Keeping in mind this huge potential and changing lifestyles of consumers, the packaged milk companies have come up with different varieties of milk. Consumers now have more choices than they could have imagined previously. Companies like Milkpak and Olpers offer normal pasteurized milk with full fat content as well as low fat, high calcium milk better known as skimmed milk. Consumers specially the ladies are targeted with the skimmed milk categories whereas men and children are promoted the normal brand of milk. Talking about choices and innovation, companies have even made milk a specialized item. For example olpers markets it milk Tarang specially for making tea. It says that Tarang is the best milk for tea. Similarly nestle has done this for many years with its dry milk brand called every day. So with changing consumers need and evolving lifestyles, companies have come up with new and innovative products and have successfully specialized their options. In the dairy sector, milk continues to be the largest consumed commodity. In this category of drinking milk, Khula doodh continues to be the preferred choice of consumers as high percentage of population consumes it. Share of packaged milk is still very low in the dairy industry. The main reason behind this is that still majority of people consider the loose milk to be more fresh, nutritious and affordable. Drinking milk products is expected to see a constant value CAGR of 8% over the forecast period, departing from the high annual growth of 21% seen in 2011 as well as similar high double-digit growth seen in the past few years which had been mainly led by hikes in unit prices. During the forecast period, prices are expected to see only modest growth since companies are concerned about the inability of consumers to cope with soaring food inflation. In this high growth industry, packaged milk has also seen tremendous growth. The competition has increased and new companies have started making impact in the market. In 2010, Engro foods a young company was tied with Nestle Milkpak a pioneering company in packaged milk for the share value of sales which stood at 33%. Haleeb closely followed these companies with 20% value share. The basic objective undertaken in this paper is to activate the resource potential of rural Pakistan and serve as a key engine of economic growth, thus radically changing the landscape of Pakistans agriculture economy through dairy development! the revolution aims at empowering small farmers and providing them with mechanized farms. The revolution is trying to improve the overall infrastructure of the dairy sector so that its full potential can be exploited. By introducing modern techniques, white revolution will influence the lives of millions and enhance urbanization through innovation and quality. The white revolution aims to satisfy consumers by providing quality milk, affordable, wide product range and high nutritional value. To meet the needs of the farmers, white revolution will train, empower, provide resource, improve yield, link to formal markets and provide a thriving pathway to growth. This way the supply chain will become better off, local milk production will adapt to n ew techniques and foreign investors would also be attracted. Overall a standardized industry would take shape. Some stats shared in the paper give us brief of the industry. These stats are as follows: Capture.PNG Capture2.PNG Through these statistics we can clearly see that the dairy industry has great potential for growth. The packaged milk industry is also contributing more and more every year. The growth trend is strong and may lead the industry in near future. All this would be made possible by achieving the objectives as mentioned in the paper. The Gawala system is one of the long standing traditions of Pakistan milk industry. The result of this tradition can be seen by dominance of unprocessed milk which accounts for 93% of all liquid dairy products. From 2006-2009 consumption of LDP has increased with increase in the population, With a CAGR of 2.4% (according to Tetra Pak data). In 2009, LDP consumption reached 18.9bn litres, maintaining its position as the fourth largest LDP consumer after India, China and the US. In the same period, the rate of growth of packaged LDP was at CAGR of 8.4% compared with unpackaged products, which grew at a CAGR of 2.1%. according to tetra pack this trend is going to continue in near future. Tetra Pak expects packaged LDP to continue growing, with a CAGR of 10.4% from 2009-12. The changing demographics of the country are contributing to this change. Emerging middle class, increasing young population and education has caused people to demand safer and healthier products. In the alst decade the urban population of apkistan has increased by 3 percentage points. In 2009, 35.5% (59.9m) more people were living in urban areas. This change or urbanization has limited the supply of good healthy fresh milk as people have moved away from rural areas. Their access to good quality loose milk has been limited due to the lack of a cold supply chain. This has provided packaged milk companies with the opportunity to provide good quality, safe milk in an alternative form. Increasing educational class and sophisticated consumers have demanded more and more packaged products as they perceive it to be healthier and more convenient. From 1999-2009, packaged LDP grew by 19%. In 2010 the article published in tribune raised concerns of dairy industry as government considered applying VAT on packaged milk. According to Pakistan dairy association (PDA) the VAT would seriously hamper the growth of the industry. According to Muzammil Aslam, economist at JS global capital ltd. Government will face difficulty in applying VAT on food industry. The government will face problems in imposing VAT especially in the food sector because this area has been mostly unregulated, If government applied VAT on packaged milk which is around 15%, the prices of milk packs would sharply rise. The difference between loose milk and packaged milk would become extraordinary. Consumers will shift to loose milk and packaged milk which has been growing year to year will suddenly default. Already the packaged milk sector has only 13% share in the dairy market. The industry wont survive and eventually Pakistan would have to import packaged dairy products. The loose milk industry is currently not in tax bracket so it would be unfair to have taxes on packaged dairy products. According to a study conducted by tetra pack in 2012, emerging new markets in the world including Pakistan, India, Brazil, Russia and china will drive the growth of LDP industry. The LDP market is set for accelerated demand in years 2011-2014. Pakistan is currently the third largest milk producing country and has third largest herd size. Most of the population of Pakistan is deeper in the pyramid (60%). This provides great opportunity for companies and local farmers to cash in. Pakistani food producers have made many new innovative products which are affordable and good. One such product is the tea whitener. 32% of milk is used for making tea so it is a very important market. Products like tarang which are cheap and good for tea are ideal to penetrate into DIP segment of the society. Once the packaged foods enter this segment the growth will be enormous. Todays low-income consumers are tomorrows middle class, said Azhar Ali Syed, Managing Director Tetra Pak Pakistan, noting that this is a golden opportunity for dairy processors to cultivate consumer loyalty among a new generation of dairy consumers in developing countries such as Pakistan. The consumption is to incease from 70 billion litres to 80 billion in the year 2014. Many of the loose milk consumers are expected to shift during this period to packaged milk. Low-income consumers represent one of the biggest growth opportunities for the dairy industry. The key to tomorrows success is reaching these consumers today, said Tetra Pak President and CEO Dennis Jonson. They make up almost 40 percent of the worlds population and live in economies driving our industrys growth and they are growing more affluent. Tetra pack also announced that LDP demand worldwide is going to grow at 2.9% CAGR from 2011-2014. The biggest potential markets will be Asia, Africa and Latin America. Competitor analysis The packaged milk industry of Pakistan initially faced slow growth. People did not adapt to the idea of packaged milk and avoided consuming it. In the last decade this trend has changed. People now have become more aware of the packaged products and its nutritional values. The awareness led to consumer testing and liking the packaged milk. Thus the milk consumption started to transform. There are two types of packaged milk available, the tetra pack and the pouch packed milk. In the past five years the growth has been rapid. The industry has prospered in this time period. The boom in packaged milk industry has seen many new competitors enter the market. The competition has increased and suddenly the industry has become fiercely competitive. In the early days, the packaged milk market was dominated by nestle milk pak. Milk pak was like a monopoly. Now with new companies entering, the market share has dropped but still milk pak leads the market. Olpers now has second highest market share, was launched during this period of time by engro foods. The competition within the industry itself has become intense. There are many brands available offering virtually the same product at almost the same price. The taste and nutritional value of the milk brands are also same. Consumers have endless choices. The prominent brands competing in the market include: milk pak, olpers, haleeb, halla, good milk, gourmet, prema, anahar, nurpur, omung, and white gold. The combined percentage share of tetra pack and pouch pack milk brands of the dairy industry is 29% (22% tetra pack, 7%pouch pack). All these brands are fighting to gain maximum of this 29% share of the dairy market that makes the packaged milk industry. Of the 29% share of packaged milk in dairy industry, 22% is tetra pack milk. Currently milk pack has around 40% share of this pie whereas olpers is second at 27%. Other significant competitors in this category are haleeb and good milk. These tetra packed milk brands offer pasteurized milk. It is a little expensive too when compared with other categories. In the other category, Gourmet milk dominates the pouched milk category as it has more than 70% share of the 7% pouched milk market. The main competition in this category is halla and dairy queen. These brands offer UHT milk which come in pouches and are considered economical. Apart from this inside competition faced by packaged milk industry, immense competition is present outside the industry. This competition is given by the fresh milk or unprocessed milk category. This category is by far the most popular and most consumed one. It accounts for 71% of the total dairy market share. The fresh milk has this huge market share due to various factors. Among these factors price, taste, availability and nutritional value are key. The fresh milk is readily available and supplied to households on daily basis. Local milk men who have their own cows supply fresh milk on daily basis. The milk is delivered to consumers doorstep fresh every morning. This ease is also one of the main reasons for its success. The fresh milk also is cheaper to get. As compared to the packaged milk it almost costs Rs. 10/litre less. Another factor that has lead to this huge market share is lack of awareness regarding packaged milk. People still believe that fresh milk is more nutritious wh ereas to them packaged and processed milk is artificial. One key thing to note is that the fresh milk has a 70% share in rural market while in urban its only 30%. Industry analysis According to a study on Milk marketing conducted by FAO in Pakistan in 2003, out of 33.6billion litres of production of milk, 80% of the milk in the country are collectively produced by rural commercial and rural subsistence producers. The semi urban producers account for 15% of the milk production, whereas urban producers contribute 5% to the total milk production in the country. Only 5% of the milk is processed and is marketed through formal distribution channels whereas the other 95% is being distributed by the middlemen in the urban and rural areas. This accounts to be 0.43% contribution of the formal sector to the real GDP of Pakistan in the year 2004-2005. The formal sector (UHT) market are the milk producers in Pakistan which totals to be only 3%, which is only a small percentage, are growing at a stable rate of 20% a year. Initially the dairy sector did not receive much attention. As mentioned before, the packaged milk industry began in Pakistan in 1981. Milk pak became the pioneer by introducing its packaged milk. Later Haleeb and dairy queen and Halla followed Milk pak footsteps. The industry at the beginning never looked promising and was hardly seen replacing the fresh milk. In fact, the concern of adulteration, germs, obsolete and old methods of improper handling of dairy products, particularly loose milk and curd by milkmen and shopkeepers, are forcing a large number of consumers in the country to change their old buying patterns and move away for traditional milkmen delivered fresh milk. Consumer preferences have changed in the favour of packaged dairy products (Austin and Kohn, 1990), which offers better hygiene, nutritional value and good value for money. In the early 90s Tetra pack started their campaign of hygiene bacteria free milk; moreover their main aim was to educate the masses about th e health hazards of loose milk which is supplied by the local milkmen. Also they wanted to build awareness about the quality, purity, freshness of the packaged milk which is free from preservatives. Till the mid of 90s milk production was the least commercialized enterprise in the agricultural economy. It was during the early years of the 21stcentury that the dairy sector became slightly more commercialized with the emergence of two new companies in the sector: Olpers and Goodmilk. The former enterprise emerged as an aggressive player with attractive new ad campaigns emerging after almost every six months and managed to gain second highest market share as a UHT milk producer in Pakistan after Nestle Milkpak. The dairy sector now stands at its turning point. The advertisement campaigns and the competition between the oligopolies of milk enterprises have benefited its consumers the most (Pakistan Dairy Development Company, 2006). A demand shift

Moynihan report :: essays research papers

The Moynihan Report In reading the Moynihan report I must say that I do agree with most of what the report is saying for the most part. There are some things that I totally disagree with, but it would take forever to write about all of what I agree with. In this paper I will focus on the Anthropology social science use of it all and the social justice issue of gender with race intertwined. This report was very interesting to me because it seems to somewhat answer a lot of questions about the African American male. Is family structure really that important for an African American male to be a productive person in society? In reading this report one may lead more towards the answer of yes more so than no. Anthropology: the scientific study of the origin, culture, and development of humans. I think that the use of this particular social science was used quite accurately because it explains to you time and time again that where a person comes from, what type of culture the know, and the development that the go through is all within the family. I believe that the father of a family is the most important role for an African American male to see because if the father is not around for the younger male to see then there is no major positive male influence for the younger male to see. The family for African Americans isn’t as strong for us as it is for other races. Within the report it seemed to focus more on the African American male and the role of the male or father heavily. It seems to me as if the report is saying that, if a male grows up in a single family home, with no enriching   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  culture, in a bad area. Then it will be less likely that that person will have a tough time in finding a job, help take care of their family, or staying out of trouble. I know within my family my brother and I grew up with both parents in the home. In a nice neighborhood with our mom and dad coming from two different cultural backgrounds, but we knew and was taught both and I know that we a well-rounded people because of it. My brother has been married for almost ten years, two children and has been in business for himself since he was 21 years old.

Bitterness in Faulkners A Rose For Emily :: A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

Essay a rose for Emily In William Faulkner's short story "A Rose for Emily," Emily's lack of social skills, exclusiveness and bitterness display Emily's refusal to adapt to the present. In the short story "A Rose for Emily", Emily displays her lack of social skills when the other ladies in the story try to call for her and she refuses to see them. Emily was not very social with the other towns? people. When the town gets the mail system for free, Emily refuses to let the towns? people put a mail box or postal number letters outside of her home. Emily was very unsocial. Emily never left the house much, she would have everything she needed brought to the house for her. She portrays her refusal to adapt to the present by not keeping up with the new mailing system and by refusing to pay taxes. She wanted to keep everything how it was when her father was alive. Emily was not willing to accept the new changes in her life, she wanted to live in the past where she was comfortable. Emily is very excluded from the rest of the town. Emily hardly ever came out of her house and refused to let anyone in on her life. Emily displays her refusal to adapt to the present by not wanting to let anyone in when her father passed on because she believed that he was still alive. Emily was very close to her father and when he passed on it was hard for her to adapt to the present. Emily never left the house much that her father left her, and when she did she did not talk to anyone at all. Emily was very private with her life, she made sure that no one knew anything about her life. Emily portrays her refusal to adapt to the present by keeping herself very excluded from the present time. The people that lived in the town with her would have to ask her servant questions just to receive any information about her life at all. Emily did not even let the servant into her personal life, she kept all her thoughts and feelings very private from the rest of the world. After Emily?s father passed away, Emily became very bitter with the world. She refused to pay taxes to the town because her father had given a lot of money to the town.

Grammatical Style in Lumpkin’s The Making of a Southerner :: Lumpkin Making Southerner

Effective Use of Grammatical Style in Lumpkin’s The Making of a Southerner Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin has many effective uses of grammatical style. In the first full paragraph on page 86 of The Making of a Southerner this is evidenced. She begins the sentence with an adverbial which ties this paragraph to the previous one. Lumpkin uses the quotation â€Å"’stir up the Negroes’† to cause the reader to feel like he/she is present during this time period. The quotation draws the reader into the paragraph because of its status as a first-hand account, which lends credibility to the argument being presented. Later in the first sentence Lumpkin uses a dash as a sentence interrupter. This pause places much emphasis on the phrase after the dash, causing the reader to give it more weight. Indeed, this phrase is the focus of the entire paragraph, and Lumpkin has adroitly set it apart. Following the first sentence, Lumpkin uses questions to enhance the feeling of ‘there-ness.’ In other words, Lumpkin presents the material in an argumentative fashion in order to draw the reader further into the mind-set of the white male of whom she speaks. Lumpkin uses her position as narrator to step back and give someone else a voice. She argues as though she herself were a white male in the late 1800s to early 1900s. This The quotes continue to support her argumentative style by giving examples of the names and rumors floating during this time now past. On and on Lumpkin extorts the reader to feel what it is like to be a scared white male after the Civil War. Question after question repetitively persuade the reader to vividly imagine the â€Å"drunken Negroes [. . .] burning down plantation homes† as well as the â€Å"armed recruits, former slaves [roaming] the countryside demanding of white men to get their vehicles off the road to make room for these unifo rmed freedmen† (86). The imagery skillfully hidden in the questionnaire is astounding. Then, of a sudden, a dash appears to bring the reader full circle. We are now aware again that the narrator is asserting a voice of her own with the small apposition â€Å"the rumor said so† (86). This phrase gives the reader the sense that Lumpkin now disagrees with this attitude once held by her father. It belies the view that Lumpkin is apparently trying to hide for an unbiased second-hand account of the period.

Gas Turbine Engine Is A Generic Term Engineering Essay

1. IntroductionGas turbine engine is a generic term applies to land, sea and airborne applications. It has broad scope of applications from civil and military air power to power coevals, and besides from oil and gas geographic expedition and production to automobile industry. They are compact, light weight, easy to run and has scope of sizes from several hundred KW to 100s of MW. Gas turbine ( GT ) engineering is responsible as the premier mover for the most of propulsion systems and is hence of critical importance. The satisfactory operation and high public presentation gas turbines are of paramount importance to the profitableness of these industries. Promotion in the field of aeromechanicss and stuff engineering has paved a important addition in the efficiency of the gas turbines. Assorted researches are carried out in order to cut down specific fuel ingestion farther by 30-40 % and besides to cut down risky fumes gases coming out of it. Experiments started with simple gas turbine rhythm and developed up to more-complex thermodynamic rhythms such as exhaust-heat-recovery money changers are performed and implement in the existent clip applications. ( ref tribal sheik ) The gas turbines have a immense history of development since 1791, when for the first clip John Barber took out a patent for ‘A Method for Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Producing Motion and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations ‘ . Since early 1900 ‘s, many enterprises have been made to construct the operational gas turbine and develop its public presentation by with assorted attacks. After this major innovation there were plentifulness of people who contributed to develop this engineering with different applications. In April 1937, Sir Frank Whittle ran the first jet engine which had a immense impact on the universe of engineering. It has now been over 71 old ages since the first gas turbine was designed and operated for electric power coevals by A. B. Brown Boveri. The gas turbine began as a comparatively simple engine compared with other reciprocating internal burning engines and has evolved as complex but extremely efficient and dependable premier m over. Though, GT engines has high runing flexibleness and requires comparatively low capital investing, it is necessary to accomplish an optimal design for each type of its application. ( ref Industrial GT ) In the early yearss, it was hard to obtain a sufficiently high force per unit area ratio with equal compressor efficiency till the scientific discipline of aeromechanicss was non introduced to GT. Now, there are efficient engines runing on high compaction ratios. ‘Performance ‘ is the terminal merchandise that every gas turbine company sells, ( ref GT public presentation Fletcher ) and major portion of GT public presentation is chiefly based on design of its thermodynamic rhythm. This survey intends to make an analysis tool for gas turbine rhythms to show the fluctuation of gas turbine public presentation parametric quantities with aid of a graphical user interface through different illustrations and a instance survey. Before continuing to those chapters of the thesis, a brief debut over gas turbine operation and intent of making such tool is given in the undermentioned subdivisions.1.1 Fundamentalss of gas turbinesFigure 1: Simple gas turbine systemA typical gas turbine engine comprises three chief constituents: Compressor, Combustor and Turbine. They operate upon the rule of Brayton rhythm by agencies of series uninterrupted flow procedures. The rhythm defines what happens to the working fluid when it passes into, through and ou t of the gas turbine. This working fluid is ab initio compressed in the compressor. It is so heated in the burning chamber by adding fuel by agencies of burning. Further, it goes through the turbine. The turbine converts the gas energy into mechanical work. Part of this work is used to drive the compressor. The staying portion is known as the net work of the gas turbine. The undermentioned figures would depict the agreement, procedures and the flow in simple Brayton rhythm. Figure 2: T-s diagramThe Figure.1 shows three chief constituents of gas turbine engine. Compressor, combustor and turbine contribute three important procedures in the engine. These diagrams give a brief thought about the agreement and the flow of fluid in ideal Brayton gas turbines rhythm. Normally, compressor and turbine are mounted on the same shaft so that the turbine could drive the compressor and salvage extra power supply required for the compressor. Figure.2 represents the simple Brayton rhythm demoing temperature-entropy fluctuation for procedures happening in each of these constituents. At point-1, air is taken from the ambiance into compressor and acquire pressurised really during phases 01 to 02 ( isentropically 01- 02 ‘ ) . The temperature of this pressurised air increased by heat add-on ( qin and qout ) through firing fuel in the combustor during phases 02 to 03 with some loss in force per unit area. It can be seen that the highest temperature in the rhythm is at t urbine recess. Finally the enlargement occurs in the turbine from phases 03 to 04 ( existent, which causes to impel it and bring forth power. Thermodynamic rhythm operates individually in each constituent of GT system. Using notations above, following equations are derived ; Pr = Compression force per unit area ratio, T01= Compressor recess temperature. Cp= Specific heat ( air/gas ) . Compressor Using isentropic p-T relation, we have, Here, T01 is temperature at compressor recess and T'04 is ideal temperature at compressor bringing. Isentropic efficiency of the compressor is given by, Therefore, existent compressor bringing temperature: is given by Turbine Similarly, utilizing isentropic p-T relation, we have, Ideally, there is no force per unit area loss throughout the system. However, there is ever a opportunity of fring force per unit area in the burning chamber. In that instance, force per unit area at the turbine recess will be given as ; P03 = P02 – ( P02- % loss in force per unit area ) . Therefore, p-T relation for turbine will be given as, Here, T03 is temperature at turbine recess and T'04 is ideal temperature at turbine fumes Turbine isentropic efficiency is: And turbine ‘s exhaust temperature Combustor And Temperature rise in burning chamber= Here, FAR = Fuel to Air ratio. Once, all temperatures across the constituents are known, the power consumed and delivered can be determined. Power and efficiency Work required to drive the compressor is ; And entire power produced by the turbine, Hence, Net power developed: Thermal efficiency of GT rhythm is the ratio of net work out to the input. From all old equations, thermic efficiency of the rhythm can be calculated as ; It is of import to gain, unlike the conventional reciprocating engines, the above described procedures ( compaction, burning and enlargement ) does non happen in individual constituent. They occur in different constituents which are designed, tested and developed separately in their sense. Therefore, in pattern, losingss in GT engine constituents such as drag loss in compressor, force per unit area losingss in combustor, temperature loss in turbine will increase the power required to drive the compressor and devour the net power generated. These losingss define isentropic efficiency of the constituents. It will necessitate a certain add-on to the energy of working fluid, and therefore a certain fuel supply will be needed. This extra supply does non bring forth any utile power, and finally consequences in low rhythm efficiency. Use of complex rhythm was proposed in the early yearss of gas turbines, when they were necessary to obtain a sensible thermic efficiency. There are three conve ntional methods of bettering the efficiency: reheating ( extra combustor between two turbines ) , inter-cooling ( an intercooler between two phases of compressors ) and regeneration ( a recuperator between compressor and combustor ) . The undermentioned figures show the regeneration system and procedures. Figure 3: Recuperative rhythm Figure 4: T-s Diagram for restorative rhythm In the agreement shown in figure 3 the turbine fumes gas heat has been utilized to preheat the air come ining the combustor by adding a recuperator ( heat money changer ) . The recuperator really imparts the turbine fumes heat into the combustors air/fuel mixture. The temperature obtained at point 5 will now be the entering temperature for burning chamber. Now the heat rise in the combustor is less than needed in simple rhythm, and therefore less fuel required. Decrease in fuel ingestion will better the rhythm efficiency. However, these polishs can be made maintaining in head the extra complexness, weight and cost in any gas turbine works. Here, the lone alteration than simple rhythm is the debut of recuperator to leave the fumes heat. Therefore, the temperature rise occurs from T05 to T03. T05 can be determined utilizing the heat money changer dealingss of effectivity ; E†º , E†º = effectivity of recuperator ( normally 0.7 to 0.9 ref ) . Since, T05 & A ; gt ; T02, relatively less sum of fuel is required to make the coveted turbine recess temperature which consequences in bettering thermic efficiency of the rhythm. The old two illustrations explain the operational behavior of gas turbine systems. Furthermore, fluctuation of parametric quantities like force per unit area ratio of compressor, turbine recess temperature, ambient conditions, burning efficiency, etc will be discussed subsequently in this study. Following subdivision will supply information about bing plans in the market to analyze GT rhythms and will besides depict the intent of making a graphical user interface for these rhythms.1.2 Undertaking backgroundGas turbine belongs to such technology subject where it has to cover with many undertakings. The operation and public presentation of the gas turbines depends upon the chosen construction of thermodynamic rhythm. There are few but really effectual plans commercially available to show the fluctuation of gas turbine public presentation parametric quantities. ‘GASTURB ‘ and ‘EngineSim ‘ are one those. GASTURB This is a really utile plan developed by Dr. Joachim Kurzke. ‘Gasturb ‘ trades with both design and off design public presentation of gas turbines. Its development had begun in early 90 ‘s. And its first publication was presented at ASME in conference of 1995. Since so, the uninterrupted development had been carried out in this plan. It has several installations ; user can take the type of engine he wishes to analyze and so plan it farther as per the coveted demands. For illustration: if the user ‘s pick is to look into public presentation of his design for the aircraft engine, user can travel further and do his picks about taking a turbofan/turbojet/turboprop/turboshaft and more profoundly taking the type of flow, type of shaft agreement and figure of constituents and their sizes. ( ref gasturb ) EngineSim Using EngineSim plan, one can look into the push production through jet/turbine engine by interactively altering values of different engine parametric quantities. The first version ( EngineSim 1.1 ) of this plan was released in 1999. Assortment of secret plans and optional life was besides included in this plan. Since so, there has been uninterrupted development in this plan to detect the effects of engine constituent public presentation on push and fuel ingestion. It besides allows user to vary design parametric quantities in each constituent. It has two basic manners of operation ; design manner and trial manner. In design manner, user can present several types of designs and take the optimum, whereas in the trial manner, user imports one peculiar design and trials it with different runing conditions. ( ref EngineSim ) Other similar plans Articles ( ref ) Plans above are the most recognized commercially available tools to analyze gas turbine rhythm design. With uninterrupted developments and quickly increasing demand of gas turbine application, the design facets of thermodynamic rhythm are going more and more critical twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. We hence emphasize to concentrate on thermodynamic rhythms since the rhythm analysis allows standards to be established which will put the bounds on possible theoretical public presentation and which can be used to entree the existent public presentation of the engine. In primary phases of planing a rhythm it is complicated and clip devouring for the interior decorators to take an appropriate rhythm in order to accomplish a coveted end product. The alone combination of thermodynamic and design parametric quantities leads to bring forth different rhythms and can do monolithic alterations in end product. To do this easier for analysis, it is necessary to make a tool which can propose primary pros and cons of the chosen rhythm. The basic purpose of this thesis is to make a flexible and powerful tool to analyze these thermodynamic rhythms. The undermentioned chapter will show the process of creative activity this tool ( GUI ) and its phases of development.2. GUI creative activity2.1 What is GUI?GUI is an abbreviation refers to ‘Graphical User Interface. ‘ Unlike coding the plans, GUI is a graphical show of one or more Windowss incorporating certain controls which enable user to execute synergistic undertakings. These controls are called constituents. GUI is a powerful tool through which user can pass on with computing machine without programming bids. It allows user to include about all types of window maps such as edit boxes, pushbuttons, radio/toggle buttons, checkbox, axes, bill of fares, toolbars, popup bill of fare etc. Using these, user can execute several and complex types of calculations. GUI ‘s can besides interact with other GUI ‘s and present the end point values through secret plans or on tabular arraies. GUIs are fundamentally created for automatizing the arduous calculations or see king for or larning about information content informations.2.2 Choosing planTo make such flexible tool it is necessary to take strong scheduling linguistic communication. There are some really strong plans available such as Java, Visual rudimentss, C++ . These linguistic communications allows user to pull strings the equations and utilize them as user wants to. This can besides be done utilizing Microsoft Excel © . However, to develop this tool ‘MATLAB ‘ has been chosen for following grounds: MATLAB is a widely used tool in technology subject. It can be used for simple mathematical uses with matrices, for apprehension and learning basic mathematical and technology constructs, and even for executing simulation. Matlab was originally introduced as a little and ready to hand tool which has now evolved and go an technology workhorse. Matlab is an taken linguistic communication for numerical calculation. It allows user to execute several types of numerical computations, and visualise the consequences with simple programming methods. Matlab is dependable every bit long as the codification is expeditiously written. It can easy bring forth artworks. Numerous types of tool chests in Matlab can heighten the use of traditional simulation tools used for advanced technology applications. Old versions of Matlab is could make GUI by merely coding m-file. The MathworksTM has developed a tool called GUIDE in Matlab which is non merely efficient but much more user friendly. ( ref Matlab ) 2.2.1 GUI with Matlab Matlab supplies the set of user interface constituents which allows us to plan GUIs which matches with those used in sophisticated package bundles. There are plentifulness of books available for artworks and GUI scheduling. Here, MATLAB- GUIDE tool will be used to make GUI. It is really utile, easy for GUI coevals. This tool in Matlab initiates the GUI environment ( GUIDE ) and let user to make or redact GUI interactively. On choice, GUIDE opens a speedy start duologue box where user can take to open bing GUI ‘s or make a new GUI utilizing provided tools and templets. ( ref Matlab tutorial ) GUIDE tool besides bring forth its backup ‘m-file ‘ automatically, which contains basic low-level formatting codification and an gap map. GUI constituents in m-files are addressed utilizing two basic things: grips ( uicontrols ) and their several belongingss ( uimenus ) . These two can be combined with other artworks objects and can be utilized to make enlightening, intuitive, a nd aesthetically delighting GUIs. Matlab tutorial suggests following basic points to be considered to construct a successful GUI. Paper prototyping: Sketching a conceptual design on paper to avoid confusion while constructing GUI. Physical considerations: the GUI building in such a manner that user must interact with high degree of flexibleness. Attractive visual aspect Effective cryptography. Figure 5: Basic stairss to construct GUI Figure 5 describes the basic process to construct GUI. Once the users and information that is to be interfaced with is understood, one can get down the procedure of puting out the GUI. If the on-paper paradigm is ready, it is rather faster to take how many constituents are required. Input signal constituents are interlinked in the backup m-file through a certain map called ‘callback ‘ . This map controls GUI or component behavior by executing some action in response to an event for its constituent. These events can be a mouse chink on pushbutton, menu choice or a imperativeness key, etc. On snaping the end product recall map ( normally a pushbutton ) , the GUI calls the map in the backup m-file and put to death the codification.2.3 Phases of developmentThis subdivision of the study describes how this analysis tool has been developed utilizing Matlab GUIDE. The user interface has been built right from running GUIDE tool for the first clip and so adding different constituents. Figures below will explicate this better. Figure 6: Primary operations in Matlab GUIDE Figure 6 shows the primary operations to be done after choosing GUIDE option on the tool saloon. As explained in subdivision 2.2 ; the usher option starts with a speedy start window enabling user to choose creative activity of new GUI and opening bing file.Phase 1For this tool, clean GUI option has been selected so the following window shows the GUI environment with tool saloon consisting of control constituents. In the following window demoing clean GUI environment, the needed input constituents in footings of edit boxes had been chosen and aligned in the panel. Furthermore, a inactive box to expose the computed consequence and a pushbutton to execute the actions mentioned in the codification has been introduced to the working GUI environment. The m-file contains the bids to read inputs through grips of edit boxes. The pushbutton ‘callback ‘ has bid with equations to calculate the coveted end product. Note: Equations used in the m-file are same as mentioned in chapter 1.1. Figure 7: Phase 1- GUI computer science efficiency for simple rhythm Figure 7 represents the first phase of this tool. It required specific user inputs in the provided edit boxes such as compressor recess conditions, compaction force per unit area ratio, desired turbine recess temperature, specific heat capacity of gas, isentropic efficiencies of compressor and turbine, air mass flow and force per unit area loss if there is any. Once these values are entered user is supposed to snap on the provided button ( ‘Calculate ‘ ) and it would cipher the efficiency for the simple rhythm. ( Please see appendix for the codification. )Phase 2The first phase was able to find the efficiency for the simple rhythm but merely for given conditions. As mentioned before, the purpose of this thesis is to make and develop this tool to analyze the public presentation of gas turbine rhythm with fluctuation of different parametric quantities. These basic parametric quantities really demonstrate the overall consequence of chosen design. These are the chief factors impacting the public presentation of gas turbine engine. Compression force per unit area ratio Turbine working temperature Component efficiencies and ambient working conditions Figure 8: Phase 2- GUI for simple rhythm with variable force per unit area ratioIn the 2nd phase, an enterprise to vary force per unit area ratio has been done. Since, the rhythm efficiency chiefly depends upon the force per unit area ratio. At this phase, the user can take the scope ( minimal and maximal ) of force per unit area ratio maintaining all other parametric quantities changeless and can acquire a graphical end product for the simple rhythm. To implement this option cringle for altering force per unit area ratio has been used in the backup m-file. Figure below depicts stage 2 of GUI.Phase 3Initial phases of this tool were limited to find the public presentation of the given working status for simple rhythm merely. In 3rd phase, a recuperated rhythm has been introduced to the tool. Figure 9: Phase 3- GUI with both rhythms In the figure above, it can be seen that a button group incorporating three wireless buttons is added to the tool. Once all inputs are entered the user can take the type of rhythm and vary as per want. There are three options available for user, 1. Simple rhythm: this will bring forth the fluctuation of force per unit area ratio against the end product efficiency for simple rhythm. 2. With recuperator: this option will inquire user to come in the value for effectivity since it is necessary for recuperated rhythms and plot the fluctuation for recuperated rhythm. 3. Compare both rhythms: It is necessary to compare both rhythms to look into the consequence of utilizing recuperator. Maximal illustrations prove that usage of recuperator enhances the rhythm efficiency as per theory. In the figure above, it can be seen that for certain scope of force per unit area ratio the efficiency of the rhythm is rather higher utilizing recuperator than that of simple rhythm. Further subdivision in this study would discourse about the consequence of fluctuation of different parametric quantities on the rhythm. Furthermore, the tool displays the value of maximal possible thermic efficiency for all three conditions.Phase 4As discussed at phase 2, the turbine recess temperature besides plays critical function in finding the efficiency. Increase in TET that is, turbine recess temperature would ensue in enhanced rhythm efficiency provided creep strength of the turbine blades is high plenty to defy that temperature. To see this consequence further development in GUI has been done. At this phase the GUI is able to bring forth efficiency curves for changing force per unit area ratio every bit good as for changing turbine recess temperature. However, it is necessary to maintain all other parametric quantities constant. Therefore, while changing any one of these two, the minimal value from the scope entered by user is taken for the other changeless. For illustration, while changing force per unit area ratio, minimal value for TET will be taken as a invariable for that instance and frailty versa. The undermentioned figure will show the fluctuation for TET. It can be seen that, another button panel is added incorporating two wireless buttons which allows user to choose the variable among force per unit area ratio and TET. The GUI generates the graphical end product on snaping the ‘analyse ‘ button. Figure 10: Phase 4- GUI varying TET and Pressure ratio for rhythm efficiency It can be observed from above figure that at TET = 800K ; the efficiency was found around 13 % ( for simple rhythm ) and has bit by bit increased with increasing turbine recess temperature. Figure 11: Phases of development in GUI3. Consequence of fluctuation in public presentation parametric quantity on GT rhythms with illustrationsThe basic gas turbine rhythm normally has low thermic efficiency, so it is of import to look for improved gas turbine based rhythms. As discussed in the old chapter ( subdivision 2.3 ) , following are the chief constituents impacting the public presentation of gas turbine rhythms. An appropriate alteration in these parametric quantities will take the system to accomplish desired end product with high thermic efficiency. Compressor force per unit area ratio Turbine recess temperature Component efficiency and ambient working status. The elaborate going from the assorted theoretical rhythms with alteration in working parametric quantities will be examined in this chapter.3.1 Compressor force per unit area ratioThe specific work end product upon which the size of the works for a given power depends is found to be a map of force per unit area ratio. ( Ref Gt theory ) If Pressure ratio ( Pr ) =1, so work end product would be zero. With the created GUI, the fluctuation of force per unit area ratio has been tested. Following illustration show the consequence of Pr on the efficiency. Pressure at recess of compressor ( P1 ) 1.01325 saloon Temperature at compressor recess ( T1 ) 288 K Pressure ratio of compressor ( Pr ) Minimum 2:1 Pressure ratio of compressor ( Pr ) Maximum 16:1 Temperature at turbine recess ( T3 ) 1100 K Compressor isentropic efficiency 80 % Turbine isentropic efficiency 85 % Mechanical efficiency 99 % Air mass flow 0.6 Kg/sec Pressure losingss 5 % Specific heat capacity Air= 1005 KJ/Kg-K Gas= 1146 KJ/Kg-K Effectiveness of the recuperator 0.8 Table: Parameters specifying runing condition- Varying force per unit area ratio For the above status, following consequences have been obtained utilizing the GUI. Figure 12: Consequence of changing Pressure ratio In the figure above, force per unit area ratio is changing from 2 to 16:1 ( at changeless TET = 1100 K ) . It is obvious that the consequences for simple rhythm and recuperated rhythm are different. For simple rhythm, due to high force per unit area compressor bringing temperature started increasing and the work input in burning chamber has been decreased, a gradual betterment can be seen in efficiency from 11 % to 25 % with increasing force per unit area ratio 2:1 to 10:1. However, after that it started worsening bit by bit. Increase in force per unit area ratio caused higher ingestion of power required to drive the compressor. But for the changeless turbine recess temperature, the entire power generated by turbine is besides changeless for all conditions and the net end product has continuously decreased which finally resulted in low efficiency. On the other manus, the efficiency for the recuperated rhythm rose all of a sudden ( till Pr =3.8:1 ) due to high temperature come ining the burning chamber ( chapter 1.1 ) and so, less work input. Continuous bead is been ascertained further due to high ingestion of work by the compressor. Recuperated rhythm has steep autumn compared with simple one. High force per unit area ratio resulted in high compressor bringing temperature T2, the heat exchange in the recuperator occurs till the turbine ‘s fumes gas temperature T4 & A ; gt ; T2. With rising force per unit area ratio and changeless turbine working temperature, at certain point T2 = T4, after this if T2 is still lifting due to higher force per unit area ratio so a set of status is shortly reached when T2 & A ; gt ; T4. In such instance, the heat exchange system in the recuperator reverses its flow and the energy is wasted heating up exhaust gas consequences in much lower temperature at combustor recess and so thermic efficiency. Figure below explains the heat flow for both of these instances. Figure 13: Recuperator in gas turbine rhythms3.2 Turbine recess temperature ( TET )This is another most important parametric quantity in the rhythm. From the equation, Work done by the turbine, The power created by the turbine is straight relative to the turbine entry temperature. When the turbine entry temperature decreases, so the work done by the turbine bead which in bend cut down the net turbine power and efficiency of the gas turbine. To find its consequence, same illustration is taken as below. Pressure at recess of compressor ( P1 ) 1.01325 saloon Pressure ratio of compressor ( Pr ) 5:1 Temperature at turbine recess ( T3 ) Minimum 800 K Temperature at turbine recess ( T3 ) Maximum 1200 K Compressor isentropic efficiency 80 % Turbine isentropic efficiency 85 % Mechanical efficiency 99 % Air mass flow 0.6 Kg/sec Pressure losingss 5 % Specific heat capacity Air= 1005 KJ/Kg-K Gas= 1146 KJ/Kg-K Effectiveness of the recuperator 0.8 Table: Parameters specifying runing condition- Varying TET. Following figure illustrates the consequences demoing the consequence of TET on efficiency for the illustration. Figure 14: Consequence of changing TET In figure 13, the temperature at turbine recess is changing from 800-1200 K ( at changeless Pr = 5:1 ) . As expected, it can be seen that there is a immense rise in the efficiency particularly for recuperated rhythm and a good betterment in for of simple rhythm excessively. Normally, stuff available for turbine building fixes the highest recess temperature for the turbine for a given rhythm. It depends upon the creep strength of the stuff used for the turbine blades. If the engine is made capable of operating at high temperature than its old theoretical account due to improved stuffs and design, the higher temperature consequences in increased power and improved efficiency while adding higher cost for blade chilling for turbine phases.3.3 Component efficiency and ambient working statusComponent efficiency is usually expressed in footings of the ratio of existent and ideal work transportations. Turbomachines are basically adiabatic, hence the ideal procedure is said to be isentropic. The efficiency of this procedure differs with the nature of operation of the constituent such as soaking up or production of work. The efficiency of the compaction procedure may be defined as the ratio of the ideal compaction work to the existent compaction work. And for an enlargement procedure, the efficiency is the ratio of the existent enlargement work to the ideal enlargement work. Due to irreversibility the efficiency will be less than integrity. ( Ref Ind GT ) . Higher the isentropic efficiency of constituent, better the public presentation of gas turbine system. Ambient working status affects the public presentation of engine since the denseness of the air will be different under different climatic conditions. At high altitudes the air denseness decreases ensuing in lessening of end product shaft power. The recess air temperature for compressor should besides be taken into consideration since at different parts of the universe the room temperature can non be same. For illustration, if the recess air temperature alterations from 288K to 310 K so less mass flow of air is required and so the force per unit area ratio.3.4 Pressure losingssIn the early yearss of gas turbines, two types of system were proposed ; one at changeless volume and other at changeless force per unit area. The isolation of valves of combustor from compressor and turbine was necessary in changeless volume system ; hence the development in the changeless volume type was discontinued. ( Ref GT theory ) . The combustor and the heat add-on procedure incur force per unit area losingss and hence the heat add-on is non a changeless force per unit area procedure in a practical gas turbine rhythm. Similarly, in a practical gas turbine rhythm, heat sink is used ; the ambiance and the ductwork to take the exhaust gases from the gas turbine will besides incur a force per unit area loss. Furthermore, practical gas turbines usually operate on unfastened rhythms and air is drawn in continuously to supply fresh working fluid for the gas turbine. As a consequence, there is besides a force per unit area loss in the recess system.3.5 Specific heatsThe above treatment makes one to recognize certain bounds of public presentation such as temperature which present twenty-four hours turbine metals can defy and the gettable force per unit area ratios in the compressors in order to let sensible length of working life.